Delirium Bibliography

Delirium Bibliography books graphicWhat is the Delirium Bibliography? The searchable Delirium Bibliography page is one of our most popular features, allowing you to quickly gain access to the literature on delirium and acute care of older persons. It is primarily intended for clinicians and researchers interested in exploring these topics. The NIDUS team keeps it updated for you on a monthly basis!

How to Search for Articles: Search by author, title, year, and/or keywords. Each article is indexed by keywords taken from MEDLINE and other relevant databases. Click on the title of the article to read the abstract, journal, etc.

Reference Information

Title
A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of delirium in burn injury compared to other surgical specialities
Authors
O'Brien, A. Hopkins, J. Boardman, G. Stanley, G. Daly, P. Martin, L. Wood, F.
Year
2023
Journal
Burns
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Delirium is an acute cerebral disorder characterised by a disturbance in cognition, attention, and awareness. Often, it’s undiagnosed and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. For burn patients, the reported prevalence ranges from 16% to 39%, with a multifactorial aetiology, increasing when intensive care is required. A direct comparison of delirium between surgical specialities has not been made. AIM: 1. To audit the use of the 4AT for those who become delirious during their stay. 2. Assess the proportion of patients diagnosed with delirium during hospitalisation by surgical specialities. 3. Identification of the factors associated with delirium in surgical patients. METHODS: Investigators at a single centre conducted a two-phase study. An initial retrospective audit of delirious patients under burns, general, and orthopaedic specialities over 16months, as defined by ICD-10 coding, identified compliance screening with the 4 A’s Test. This informed the design of a retrospective, observational cohort study to compare factors associated with delirium and statistical comparison between four specialities to identify delirium-associated factor, where an analysis corrects for age. RESULTS: 37% of patients with an ICD-10 code indicating delirium had a 4AT test completed. Speciality, number of operations, LOS, ICU hours, age, and discharge destination were all statistically significant independent variables. When all other variables were equal, burns had the highest predicted probability of delirium diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Further analysis to identify and diagnose across the specialties is required. From a patient viewpoint, their LOS, ICU hours, and operations are increased for patients coded as delirious compared to non-delirious across the specialities. On a hospital level, the mean difference in cost for a delirious compared to a non-delirious patient is AU$9317. Despite the low incidence of delirium amongst the observed specialities, burns patients were most likely to develop delirium when demographic and clinical profiles were the same, and were more likely to develop delirium at a younger age and if in ICU.

PMID

PMID: 37821275

Keywords

Humans
Intensive Care Units
Retrospective Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Delirium/epidemiology/etiology
*Burns/complications/epidemiology/surgery
Burns
Delirium
General surgery
Intensive care
Orthopaedic surgery
Plastic surgery

Page(s)
Issue

Search:
Total Records Found: 6289, showing 100 per page
TitleAuthorsJournalYearKeywords
Detecting and managing cognitive impairment in cardiac patients: insights from qualitative interviews with nurses Zhao, E. Bloomfield, J. Lowres, N. Gallagher, R. Contemp Nurse 2024

barriers
cardiac patients
cognitive impairment
delirium
dementia
nurses
qualitative
screening

The Management and Prevention of Delirium in Elderly Patients Hospitalised in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review Zaher-Sánchez, S. Satústegui-Dordá, P. J. Ramón-Arbués, E. Santos-Sánchez, J. A. Aguilón-Leiva, J. J. Pérez-Calahorra, S. Juárez-Vela, R. Sufrate-Sorzano, T. Angulo-Nalda, B. Garrote-Cámara, M. E. Santolalla-Arnedo, I. Echániz-Serrano, E. Nurs Rep 2024

Icu
acute confusion
aged
delirium
drug therapy
elderly
intensive care unit
interventions
management
nursing
prevention
treatment

Pharmacological Prevention of Postoperative Delirium in Adults: A Review of Recent Literature White, N. C. Cowart, C. R. Cios, T. J. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024

Anesthesia
Cognitive dysfunction
Delirium
Dexmedetomidine
Postoperative

DELirium treatment with Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (DELTES): study protocol for a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial van der, A. J. Lodema, Y. Ottens, T. H. Schutter, Djlg Emmelot-Vonk, M. H. de Haan, W. van Dellen, E. Tendolkar, I. Slooter, A. J. C. BMJ Open 2024

Humans
Double-Blind Method
*Delirium/therapy/diagnosis
*Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods
*Electroencephalography/methods
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Multicenter Studies as Topic
Netherlands
Middle Aged
Male
Aged
Female
Pilot Projects
Delirium
Electroencephalography
Randomized Controlled Trial

Delirium risk and mortality in people with pre-existing severe mental illness: a retrospective cohort study using linked datasets in England Bauernfreund, Y. Launders, N. Favarato, G. Hayes, J. F. Osborn, D. Sampson, E. L. Psychol Med 2024

Schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
databases
delirium
psychotic disorders

Factors Affecting Delirium Care Core Competency Among Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study Bae, K. S. Roh, Y. S. Nurs Health Sci 2024

Humans
*Delirium/therapy/nursing
*Clinical Competence/standards/statistics & numerical data
Female
Male
Surveys and Questionnaires
Adult
Republic of Korea
Nurses/psychology/statistics & numerical data
Middle Aged
Correlation of Data
barriers to delirium care
core competency
knowledge
moral sensitivity

Understanding Barriers to Early Rehabilitation Following the Surgery for Fragility Hip Fractures: A Single-Centre Audit Al-Dahan, T. Murhekar, S. Abed, M. Shinde, K. Cureus 2024

delerium
geriatric hip fracture
physiotherapy
post-op haemoglobin drop
post-operative physiotherapy rehabilitation

The Association of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors with Delirium in Post-Operative Adults: A Secondary Analysis of a Post-Operative Dataset with Daily Severity of Illness Adjustment Austin, C. A. Bazemore, I. Yi, J. Glier, S. Carson, S. S. Delirium Commun 2024

Delirium
Postoperative
SSRI

Evaluation of the effects of a team-based systematic prevention and management program for postoperative orthopedic older patients: A retrospective cohort study Yamaguchi, F. Inomata, C. Yoshinaga, N. Sawada, H. Shimamoto, K. Haruta-Tsukamoto, A. PCN Rep 2024

delirium
older patients
postorthopedic surgery
real‐world practice setting

Incidence of Delirium in ICU Patients With and Without COVID-19 in a Costa Rican Hospital Zavaleta-Monestel, E. Martínez-Vargas, E. Chaverri-Fernández, J. Díaz-Madriz, J. P. Fallas-Mora, A. Alvarado-Ajun, P. Rojas-Chinchilla, C. García-Montero, J. Cureus 2024

covid-19
delirium
intensive care unit
mechanical ventilation
sedation

The associations of post-stroke delirium with outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Zhang, G. B. Lv, J. M. Yu, W. J. Li, H. Y. Wu, L. Zhang, S. L. Shi, G. Z. Huang, H. W. BMC Med 2024

Humans
*Delirium/epidemiology/etiology
*Stroke/complications/mortality
Delirium
Meta-analysis
Outcomes
Post-stroke

Preoperative frailty tendency predicts delirium occurrence in older people undergoing spinal surgery Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Qi, P. Lu, J. Yang, M. BMC Geriatr 2024

Humans
Male
Aged
Female
Prospective Studies
*Frailty/diagnosis
*Delirium/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology
*Postoperative Complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology
Aged, 80 and over
Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology
Frail Elderly
Spine/surgery
Middle Aged
Geriatric Assessment/methods
Frailty
Older people
Postoperative delirium
Spinal surgery

Systemic immune inflammatory index (SII) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) as predictors of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) with cerebral infarction Zhao, B. S. Zhai, W. Q. Ren, M. Zhang, Z. Han, J. G. BMC Surg 2024

Humans
*Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump/adverse effects
Male
Female
Middle Aged
Aged
*Postoperative Complications/diagnosis/etiology/epidemiology/immunology
*Cerebral Infarction/etiology/diagnosis
*Delirium/etiology/diagnosis/epidemiology
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology/diagnosis
Risk Factors
Retrospective Studies
Predictive Value of Tests
Cerebral infarction
Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
Postoperative delirium
Systemic immune inflammatory index
Systemic inflammatory response index

How to predict postoperative delirium in geriatric patients with hip fracture as soon as possible? A retrospective study Zhao, S. Sun, T. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Guo, Y. Wang, X. BMC Surg 2024

Humans
*Hip Fractures/surgery
Female
Retrospective Studies
Male
Aged, 80 and over
Aged
*Postoperative Complications/diagnosis/etiology/epidemiology
*Delirium/etiology/diagnosis/epidemiology
Risk Factors
*Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
ROC Curve
Delirium
Delirium duration
Hip fracture
Nlr
Risk factors

Clinical investigation into risk factors for delirium post-cardiac surgery and its implications for nursing intervention guided by behavior change theory Zhao, Y. Guo, S. Wang, Z. Dong, Y. Wei, W. Su, Z. J Cardiothorac Surg 2024

Humans
Male
Female
Risk Factors
*Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
Middle Aged
*Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Delirium/etiology/prevention & control/epidemiology
Aged
Incidence
Retrospective Studies
Behavior change theory
Heart surgery
Nursing intervention
Postoperative delirium

Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in lumbar spinal fusion patients: A National Database analysis Zheng, Y. Wang, J. Liu, Z. Wang, J. Yang, Q. Ren, H. Feng, L. World Neurosurg 2024

Lumbar fusion
National Inpatient Sample
Postoperative delirium
Risk factors

Translation, cultural debugging, and validation of the Chinese version of the Sour Seven Questionnaire: a cross-sectional study Zhu, S. Liu, S. Li, L. Xing, H. Xia, M. Dong, G. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024

Chinese version
Sour Seven Questionnaire
delirium
family member
nursing

Psychiatric Etiologies and Approaches in Altered Mental Status Presentations: Insights from Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Hamm, B. Rosenthal, L. J. Semin Neurol 2024

Altered mental status

Psychiatry

Delirium

 

Bispectral Index Monitoring Effect on Delirium Occurrence and Nursing Quality Improvement in Post-anesthesia Care Unit Patients Recovering From General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Huang, Y. Huang, L. Xu, J. Bao, Y. Qu, Y. Huang, Y. Cureus 2024

bispectral index
depth of anesthesia
nursing quality
post-anesthesia care unit
postoperative delirium

Impact of Frailty and Delirium Among Older Adults Admitted With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Irizarry-Caro, J. A. Kumar, M. Wang, Q. Rohant, N. Goyal, P. Damluji, A. A. Kirkpatrick, J. N. Kwak, M. J. JACC Adv 2024

acute decompensated heart failure
delirium
disposition at discharge
frailty
mortality
older adults

Improving hospice delirium guideline adoption through an understanding of barriers and facilitators: A mixed-methods study Jackson, C. Malia, C. Zacharias, H. Dyson, J. Johnson, M. J. PLoS One 2024

Humans
*Delirium/therapy/diagnosis
Female
Male
Retrospective Studies
Aged
*Guideline Adherence
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Aged, 80 and over
Hospice Care/standards
Hospices
Middle Aged
Surveys and Questionnaires

Machine learning-based delirium prediction in surgical in-patients: a prospective validation study Jauk, S. Kramer, D. Sumerauer, S. Veeranki, S. P. K. Schrempf, M. Puchwein, P. JAMIA Open 2024
clinical decision support
delirium
electronic health records
prediction algorithms
random forest
Risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients with cardiac surgery Kim, M. S. Kim, S. H. Sci Prog 2024

Humans
Risk Factors
Male
*Delirium/epidemiology/etiology
Female
*Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
*Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/etiology
Middle Aged
Aged
*Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data
Incidence
Length of Stay
Adult
Cardiac surgery
delirium
risk factors

Delirium in the ICU: how much do we know? A narrative review Liu, S. B. Wu, H. Y. Duan, M. L. Yang, R. L. Ji, C. H. Liu, J. J. Zhao, H. Ann Med 2024

*Delirium/diagnostic imaging/pathology/therapy
*Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data
Nervous System Diseases/diagnostic imaging
Biomarkers
Metabolic Diseases/diagnosis
Humans
Delirium
diagnosis
intensive care unit
treatment

The role of C-reactive protein as a risk marker of postoperative delirium in older hip fracture patients: a prospective cohort study Lozano-Vicario, L. Muñoz-Vázquez Á, J. Cedeno-Veloz, B. A. Romero-Ortuno, R. Galbete, A. Fernández-Irigoyen, J. Santamaría, E. Zambom-Ferraresi, F. Ortiz-Gómez, J. R. Hidalgo-Ovejero Á, M. Martínez-Velilla, N. Eur Geriatr Med 2024

C-reactive protein
Cognitive impairment
Delirium
Hip fracture
Risk marker

Low-dose clonidine infusion to improve sleep in postoperative patients in the high-dependency unit. A randomised placebo-controlled single-centre trial Liu, D. Hallt, E. Platz, A. Humblet, A. Lassig-Smith, M. Stuart, J. Fourie, C. Livermore, A. McConnochie, B. Y. Starr, T. Herbst, K. Woods, C. A. Pincus, J. M. Reade, M. C. Intensive Care Med 2024

Clonidine
Pharmaceutical
Postoperative care
Postoperative delirium
Sleep
Sleep aids

A nomogram for predicting the risk of postoperative delirium in individuals undergoing cardiovascular surgery Liu, C. Zhang, L. Tang, W. Zhao, S. Li, M. Li, J. Shao, Y. Eur J Neurol 2024

cardiovascular surgery
postoperative delirium
predictive models
risk factors

Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy of Nursing Delirium Screening Scale Versus Confusion Assessment Method for Postoperative Delirium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Lin, C. J. Fick, D. M. Traynor, V. Chen, Y. C. Hsiang, H. F. Chiu, H. Y. J Clin Nurs 2024

Confusion Assessment Method
Nursing Delirium Screening Scale
diagnostic accuracy
meta‐analysis
postoperative delirium

The clinical value of nonpharmacological interventions for preventing postoperative delirium: a narrative review Li, T. Feng, Z. Hou, Y. Li, P. Minerva Anestesiol 2024

Humans
*Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/therapy
*Delirium/prevention & control/etiology/therapy

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for treatment of catatonia in adults: Narrative review Lee, J. H. Suzuki, J. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2024

Amantadine
Catatonia
Esketamine
Ketamine
Memantine
NMDA receptor antagonists

Postoperative Delirium Following Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Associated Complications Knebel, A. Singh, M. Rasquinha, R. Daher, M. Nassar, J. E. Hanna, J. Diebo, B. G. Daniels, A. H. World Neurosurg 2024

Complications
Epidemiology
Lumbar fusion
Postoperative delirium
Risk factors

Co-designing a digital family-led intervention for delirium prevention and management in adult critically ill patients: An application of the double diamond design process Johnson, G. U. Towell-Barnard, A. McLean, C. Robert, G. Ewens, B. Int J Nurs Stud 2024

Co-design
Critical care
Delirium
Double Diamond
Family-led interventions

Reduction of Rehospitalization With Addition of Geriatrics/Transitions of Care Consult Service Jackson, A. E. Brubaker, A. N. Coffey, C. R. Kalender-Rich, J. L. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2024

Long-term care
readmission
rehospitalization
skilled nursing facility
transitions of care

Postoperative neurocognitive disorders in ambulatory surgery: a narrative review In, J. Chen, B. Bae, H. Kinjo, S. Korean J Anesthesiol 2024

Humans
*Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/methods/adverse effects
*Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/etiology
*Neurocognitive Disorders/etiology/prevention & control
Risk Factors
Postoperative Cognitive Complications/etiology/prevention & control
Ambulatory surgery
Cognition disorders
Cognitive dysfunction
Delirium
Outpatient
Postoperative complications.

Preoperative assessment of hyperactive delirium risk after head and neck surgery with free tissue transfer reconstruction Imai, T. Takasago, T. Nakanome, A. Morita, S. Miyakura, Y. Sasaki, K. Ito, K. Goto, T. Asada, Y. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024

Head and neck neoplasms
Post-operative delirium
Risk assessment
Risk factors

Long-Term Impact of Delirium on the Risk of Dementia in Hospitalized Older Patients: A Real-World Multicenter Study Hwang, G. Park, C. Son, S. J. Roh, H. W. Hwang, J. Y. Jang, J. W. Jo, Y. T. Byeon, G. Youn, H. Park, R. W. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024

Alzheimer’s disease
Delirium
Dementia
Inpatient
Vascular dementia

Comprehensive signal detection of delirium-associated medication using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Hatano, M. Sogawa, R. Shin, K. Esumi, S. Ishikawa, A. Mizumura, R. Araki, H. Yamada, S. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2024

Humans
*Delirium/chemically induced/epidemiology
*Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems/statistics & numerical data
Male
Female
United States
Aged
Middle Aged
*Pharmacovigilance
Adult
*United States Food and Drug Administration
Japan/epidemiology
Aged, 80 and over
Benzodiazepines/adverse effects
Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects
Adverse drug reaction reporting systems
Benzodiazepines
Cholinergic antagonists
Delirium
Signal detection
Spontaneous reporting databases

Inhibited hypoxia-inducible factor by intraoperative hyperglycemia increased postoperative delirium of aged patients: A review Han, Y. Ji, B. Leng, Y. Xie, C. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024

Humans
*Hyperglycemia/metabolism/etiology
Aged
*Postoperative Complications/etiology/metabolism/prevention & control
Delirium/etiology/metabolism/prevention & control
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/metabolism
Anesthesia, General/adverse effects

Development and Validation of Machine Learning Models to Predict Postoperative Delirium Using Clinical Features and Polysomnography Variables Ha, W. S. Choi, B. K. Yeom, J. Song, S. Cho, S. Chu, M. K. Kim, W. J. Heo, K. Kim, K. M. J Clin Med 2024

machine learning
polysomnography
postoperative delirium
predictive modeling
sleep disorders

Association between baseline serum bicarbonate and the risk of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the ICU: a retrospective study from the MIMIC-IV database Guo, P. Ma, Y. Su, W. Xie, D. Li, X. Wang, K. Wang, P. BMC Anesthesiol 2024

Humans
Retrospective Studies
Female
Male
*Bicarbonates/blood
*Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
Middle Aged
*Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/blood/prevention & control
Aged
*Intensive Care Units
*Databases, Factual
*Delirium/epidemiology/blood/etiology/prevention & control
Incidence
Risk Factors
Cardiac surgery
MIMIC-IV database
Postoperative delirium
Serum bicarbonate

Non-pharmacological delirium detection and management interventions for informal caregivers of older people at home: A scoping review protocol Fox, M. T. Maimets, I. K. Butler, J. I. Sidani, S. Godfrey, C. PLoS One 2024

Humans
*Delirium/diagnosis/therapy
*Caregivers/psychology
Aged
Aged, 80 and over

Delirium in nursing home residents: is there a role of antidepressants? A cross sectional study Fedecostante, M. Balietti, P. Di Santo, S. G. Zambon, A. Marengoni, A. Morandi, A. Beccacece, A. Bellelli, G. Cherubini, A. BMC Geriatr 2024

Humans
*Nursing Homes/trends
Male
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Aged, 80 and over
*Delirium/epidemiology/diagnosis
Aged
Italy/epidemiology
*Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
Prevalence
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Homes for the Aged
4at
Antidepressants
Delirium
Delirium subtypes
Nursing home
SSRIs

The use of peripheral nerve block decrease incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction following orthopedic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis Deng, L. Jiao, B. Cai, J. Xu, X. Chen, M. Yan, C. Zhu, T. Liu, J. Ma, D. Chen, C. BMC Anesthesiol 2024

Humans
Incidence
*Orthopedic Procedures/adverse effects
*Postoperative Cognitive Complications/epidemiology/prevention & control/etiology
*Anesthesia, General/methods
*Nerve Block/methods
*Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Peripheral Nerves
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/prevention & control
Combined anesthesia
Orthopedic surgery
Peripheral nerve block
Postoperative neurocognitive disorders

Optimizing anesthesia management based on early identification of electroencephalogram burst suppression risk in non-cardiac surgery patients: a visualized dynamic nomogram Chen, J. Li, W. Chen, Q. Zhou, Z. Chen, C. Hu, Y. Si, Y. Zou, J. Ann Med 2024

Humans
*Nomograms
Male
Female
Retrospective Studies
*Electroencephalography/methods
Middle Aged
Aged
Risk Factors
*Hypotension/diagnosis
Risk Assessment/methods
ROC Curve
Anesthesia/methods/adverse effects
Adult
Frailty/diagnosis
Burst suppression
dynamic nomogram
frailty
intraoperative hypotension
non-cardiac surgery
prediction

Routine cognitive screening for older people undergoing major elective surgery: Benefits, risks and costs Chan, L. K. Chuan, A. Berney, C. R. Chan, D. K. Anaesth Intensive Care 2024

Humans
*Elective Surgical Procedures
*Cost-Benefit Analysis
Aged
Delirium/prevention & control/diagnosis
Mass Screening/methods/economics
Aged, 80 and over
Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/economics/diagnosis
Geriatrics
anaesthesia
perioperative anaesthesia
pre-anaesthetic

Prevalence and risk factors of subsyndromal delirium in ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis Ma, X. Cheng, H. Zhao, Y. Zhu, Y. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2024

Intensive care unit
Meta-analysis
Prevalence
Risk factors
Subsyndromal delirium
Systematic review

Predisposing and precipitating factors for the development of postoperative delirium in critically ill patients in a university intensive care unit Marques, D. M. Alves, Ddsb Vernaglia, T. V. C. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2024

Humans
*Critical Illness
Male
Female
Prospective Studies
Middle Aged
*Intensive Care Units
*Delirium/epidemiology/etiology
*Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/etiology
Aged
Precipitating Factors
Hospitals, University
Adult
Incidence
Risk Factors
Cohort Studies

Diagnostic test accuracy of screening tools for the detection of neurocognitive disorders in older adults post-trauma: A protocol for a systematic review Merriman, N. A. Walsh, M. E. O'Regan, N. Carrigan, M. Hickey, P. Brent, L. Blake, C. HRB Open Res 2024

cognition
delirium
diagnostic accuracy
older adults
systematic review protocol

How much risk does delirium represent for the development of dementia?: Retrospective cohort study from over 260,000 patients record in a solitary institution Minami, H. Toyoda, K. Hata, T. Nishihara, M. Neo, M. Nishida, K. Kanazawa, T. Front Psychiatry 2024

cognitive decline
delirium
dementia
retrospective cohort study
subsequent dementia onset

Effectiveness of the ABCDEF Bundle to Manage and Prevent Delirium: Pre- and Postintervention Quasi-Experimental Study Nagy Nagm Eldean, T. Hassan Bakri, M. Anwar Abdel Aziz, M. Shalaby Khalaf, G. Crit Care Nurs Q 2024

Humans
*Delirium/prevention & control/diagnosis
Male
Female
*Respiration, Artificial
Middle Aged
*Intensive Care Units
*Critical Illness
Patient Care Bundles
Aged
Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
Adult
Incidence

C reactive protein albumin ratio as a new predictor of postoperative delirium after cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis Nakatake, R. Funatsuki, T. Koshikawa, Y. Okuyama, T. Ishizaki, M. Takekita, Y. Kato, M. Kitade, H. Sci Rep 2024

Humans
*Cholecystitis, Acute/surgery/blood
Male
Female
*C-Reactive Protein/metabolism/analysis
Middle Aged
*Cholecystectomy/adverse effects
*Delirium/etiology/blood/diagnosis
Retrospective Studies
*Postoperative Complications/etiology/blood
Risk Factors
Aged
Serum Albumin/analysis/metabolism
Biomarkers/blood
Adult
ROC Curve
Acute cholecystitis
C-reactive protein/albumin ratio
Postoperative delirium
Subjective Global Assessment

The impact of preoperative psychiatric intervention for postoperative delirium after major oral and maxillofacial surgery with free flap reconstruction Nitta, Y. Sanuki, T. Sugino, S. Sugimoto, M. Kido, K. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024

Free flap reconstruction
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Risk factors
postoperative delirium
preoperative psychiatric intervention

Impact of beta-blocker usage on delirium in patients with sepsis in ICU: a cross-sectional study Ouyang, H. Wang, X. Deng, D. Wang, Q. Yu, Y. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024

ICU stay
Mimic-iv
acute kidney injury
beta-blockers
delirium
sepsis

Utilization of NIRS Monitor to Compare the Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Between Dexmedetomidine and Propofol Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Critically ill Patients with Sepsis- A Prospective Randomized Control Trial Patidar, A. K. Khanna, P. Kashyap, L. Ray, B. R. Maitra, S. J Intensive Care Med 2024

delirium
dexmedetomidine
intensive care unit
near-Infrared spectroscopy
propofol
regional cerebral oxygen saturation
sepsis

Postoperative Delirium and Neurocognitive Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Management Strategies Paunikar, S. Chakole, V. Cureus 2024

cognitive impairment
management strategies
neurocognitive disorders
pathophysiology
postoperative delirium
risk factors
surgery

Preoperative serum ferritin as a biomarker for predicting delirium among elderly patients receiving non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study Ruan, X. Li, Y. Yuan, M. Li, H. Lou, J. Liu, Y. Cao, J. Ma, Y. Mi, W. Zhang, X. Transl Psychiatry 2024

Humans
*Ferritins/blood
Aged
Female
Male
Retrospective Studies
*Biomarkers/blood
*Delirium/blood/diagnosis
*Postoperative Complications/blood
Aged, 80 and over
Preoperative Period
Risk Factors
Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects

Circadian disturbances, anxiety and motor disturbances differentiate delirium superimposed on dementia from dementia-only Schnorr, T. Fleiner, T. Trumpf, R. Prüter-Schwarte, C. Fanselow, J. Zijlstra, W. Haussermann, P. Front Psychiatry 2024

acute hospital
delirium superimposed on dementia
motor subtypes
neuropsychiatric symptoms
sleep disturbances

Real-World Adherence to a Delirium Screening Test Administered by Nurses and Medical Staff during Routine Patient Care Soboh, R. Rotfeld, M. Gino-Moor, S. Jiries, N. Ginsberg, S. Oliven, R. Brain Sci 2024

Radar
adherence
cognition
delirium
screening test

Dexmedetomidine for Postoperative Delirium Prevention in the Older Adult: An Integrative Review Strada, A. L. Tevay, A. Scoggins, M. Gonzalez, K. Aana j 2024

Humans
*Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage
Aged
*Postoperative Complications/prevention & control
Delirium/prevention & control
Nurse Anesthetists
Aged, 80 and over
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
dexmedetomidine
postoperative cognitive dysfunction
postoperative delirium
α2-agonists

Improving delirium assessments in acute senior health: A quality improvement project for care of the older person Taylor, C. Peakman, G. Mackinnon, L. Mohamadzade, N. Han, W. Mackie, L. Gandhi, J. Mitchell, O. Bateman-Champain, C. Hetherington, J. Belarbi, F. Alg, G. BMC Geriatr 2024

Alzheimer’s disease
cumulative anticholinergic burden
delirium
management of delirium
patient‐specific dosing

Postoperative delirium among elderly elective orthopedic patients in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a multicentere longitudinal study Tekletsadik, Y. A. Workineh, S. A. Gesso, A. S. Hirbo, H. S. BMC Anesthesiol 2024

Humans
Ethiopia/epidemiology
Aged
Male
Female
Longitudinal Studies
*Orthopedic Procedures/adverse effects
*Elective Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
Incidence
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology
Aged, 80 and over
Risk Factors
Delirium/epidemiology/etiology
Associated factors
Elderly
Orthopedic surgery
Postoperative delirium

Effect of optimizing cerebral oxygen saturation on postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing one-lung ventilation for thoracoscopic surgery Teng, P. Liu, H. Xu, D. Feng, X. Liu, M. Wang, Q. J Int Med Res 2024

Humans
*One-Lung Ventilation/methods
Male
Female
Aged
*Oxygen Saturation
*Delirium/prevention & control/metabolism/etiology
*Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/etiology
*Brain/metabolism/surgery
Thoracoscopy/methods
Oxygen/metabolism/blood
Aged, 80 and over
Lung-protective ventilation
cerebral oxygen saturation
geriatrics
hypoxia
lung cancer
one-lung ventilation
postoperative delirium
thoracoscopic surgery

Persistent delirium is associated with cerebrospinal fluid markers of neuronal injury Tsui, A. Johnstone, B. Heslegrave, A. Zetterberg, H. Watne, L. O. Neerland, B. E. Krogseth, M. Cunningham, C. MacLullich, A. Muniz Terrera, G. Davis, D. Caplan, G. Brain Commun 2024

CSF biomarkers
delirium
dementia
glial fibrillary acidic protein
neurofilament light chain

A Retrospective Study Establishing a Nomogram Predictive Model for Postoperative High-Activity Delirium After Non-Cardiac Surgery Tu, Y. Du, W. Pan, Y. Zhang, X. Mo, Y. Sun, C. Wang, J. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024

Pacu
delirium
nomograms
post anesthesia care unit
risk factor

Safe Landing: Feasibility and Safety of Operating Room Extubation in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Valve Surgery Wang, C. C. DeBose-Scarlett, A. Irlmeier, R. Ye, F. Siegrist, K. Shah, A. S. Kingeter, M. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024

intubation duration
minimally invasive cardiac surgery
operating room extubation
postoperative delirium
reintubation rates
successful operating room extubation

Intraoperative hypotension and postoperative delirium in elderly male patients undergoing laryngectomy: a single-center retrospective cohort study Wang, Y. Chen, K. Ye, M. Shen, X. Braz J Anesthesiol 2024

Hypotension
Laryngectomy
Postoperative delirium
Risk factor

Perioperative Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium in Non-Dementia Older Patients after Non-Cardiac Surgery and Anesthesia: A Prospective Study Wattanaboot, N. Kuawatcharawong, W. Permsakmesub, P. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2024

Postoperative delirium
anesthesia
older patients
risk factors

Association of preoperative frailty with risk of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing craniotomy: a prospective cohort study Wei, L. Liu, M. Zhang, S. Chen, Y. Wu, M. Chen, X. Liu, J. He, Y. Yang, X. Xian, J. BMC Surg 2024

Humans
*Craniotomy/adverse effects
Male
Aged
Female
Prospective Studies
*Frailty/epidemiology/complications/diagnosis
Risk Factors
*Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/etiology
Delirium/epidemiology/etiology
Aged, 80 and over
Risk Assessment/methods
Preoperative Period
Frail Elderly
Craniotomy
Older patients
Postoperative delirium
Preoperative frailty

Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts postoperative delirium in elderly: A meta-analysis Xie, S. Wu, Q. Saudi Med J 2024

Humans
Aged
*Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/etiology
*Delirium/epidemiology/etiology/diagnosis
*Geriatric Assessment/methods
Risk Factors
Nutrition Assessment
Risk Assessment/methods
Middle Aged
Nutritional Status
Aged, 80 and over
general anesthesia
geriatric nutritional risk index
malnutrition
postoperative delirium

Intensive care unit interventions to promote sleep and circadian biology in reducing incident delirium: a scoping review Wilcox, M. E. Burry, L. Englesakis, M. Coman, B. Daou, M. van Haren, F. M. Ely, E. W. Bosma, K. J. Knauert, M. P. Thorax 2024

Humans
*Delirium/prevention & control
*Circadian Rhythm/physiology
*Intensive Care Units
Sleep/physiology
Incidence
Melatonin
Critical Care

Theory-based and evidence-based nursing interventions for the prevention of ICU-acquired weakness in the intensive care unit: A systematic review Xu, Q. Tan, J. Wang, Y. Tang, M. PLoS One 2024

Humans
*Intensive Care Units
*Muscle Weakness/prevention & control
Delirium/prevention & control
Evidence-Based Nursing
Critical Illness
Length of Stay

Transradial versus transfemoral access for middle meningeal artery embolization: Choice of the access route considering delirium in the elderly Yamamoto, M. Fujiwara, G. Takezawa, H. Uzura, Y. Yokoya, S. Oka, H. Surg Neurol Int 2024

Chronic subdural hematoma
Middle meningeal artery embolization
Transradial access

The effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Zhuang, X. Fu, L. Luo, L. Dong, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhao, J. Yang, X. Hei, F. BMC Anesthesiol 2024

Adult
Humans
*Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
*Cardiopulmonary Bypass/adverse effects
*Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage
*Emergence Delirium/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage
Perioperative Care/methods
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Cardiac surgery
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Delirium
Dexmedetomidine
Neurocognitive function

Incidence and associated factors of delirium after primary total joint arthroplasty in elderly patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis Zhang, Y. Yu, Y. Han, Z. Diao, L. Zhao, R. Liu, J. Luo, Y. Wu, H. Yang, Y. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024

Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Female
Humans
Male
Age Factors
Arthroplasty, Replacement/adverse effects
*Delirium/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control
Incidence
*Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control
Risk Factors

The effect of two different modes of anaesthesia maintenance on postoperative delirium in elderly patient with low preoperative mini-cog score Duran, H. T. Kızılkaya, M. Aydinli, A. Osmantevfik, S. Taştan, S. Kılınç, OÖ Pirhan, Y. BMC Anesthesiol 2024

Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods
*Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/methods
Delirium/epidemiology/prevention & control
Emergence Delirium/epidemiology/prevention & control
Incidence
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Sevoflurane/administration & dosage
Prospective Studies
Anaesthesia
Mini-cog
Postoperative delirium

Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNAs as Predictive Biomarkers in Postoperative Delirium After Spine Surgery: Preliminary Study Cho, Y. E. Kim, J. Vorn, R. Cho, H. Baek, W. Park, H. Yun, S. Kim, H. S. Cashion, A. K. Gill, J. Koo, B. N. Lee, H. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024

Humans
Female
Male
Aged
*Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
*MicroRNAs/blood
*Biomarkers/blood
*Delirium/blood/etiology
*Postoperative Complications/blood
Spine/surgery
Aged, 80 and over
Exosome
Genomics
Prediction

Exploring the role of calf circumference as a predisposing factor for intra-hospital delirium: investigating potential gender differences: revealing potential gender variances Ceolin, C. Papa, M. V. Simonato, C. Cazzavillan, S. Vergadoro, M. Trapella, G. S. Sermasi, R. De Rui, M. Noale, M. Zanforlini, B. M. Curreri, C. Bertocco, A. Devita, M. Sergi, G. Coin, A. BMC Geriatr 2024

Humans
Male
Female
Aged
Retrospective Studies
*Delirium/epidemiology/diagnosis
Aged, 80 and over
Sex Factors
Sarcopenia/epidemiology/diagnosis
Leg
Risk Factors
Italy/epidemiology
Nutrition Assessment
Geriatric Assessment/methods
Anthropometry/methods
Malnutrition/epidemiology/diagnosis
Calf circumference
Delirium
Nutritional status
Older adults
Sarcopenia

Neurophysiological patterns reflecting vulnerability to delirium subtypes: a resting-state EEG and event-related potential study Boord, M. S. Feuerriegel, D. Coussens, S. W. Davis, D. H. J. Psaltis, P. J. Garrido, M. I. Bourke, A. Keage, H. A. D. Brain Commun 2024

Eeg
delirium
event-related potentials
pathophysiology

Delirium in Lower Limb Trauma: The Incidence and Risk Factors in a Prospective Observational Study Balachandran, A. Nagar, M. Behera, P. Kashyap, P. Indian J Orthop 2024

adults
delirium
lower limb trauma
orthopedic surgery
risk factors for delirium
trauma surgery

Diurnal variation of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing esketamine anesthesia for elective noncardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial Zhang, Y. Chen, R. Tang, S. Sun, T. Yu, Y. Shi, R. Wang, K. Zeng, Z. Liu, X. Meng, Q. Xia, Z. Int J Surg 2024

Humans
*Ketamine/administration & dosage
Aged
Female
Male
Double-Blind Method
Aged, 80 and over
*Elective Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
*Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/epidemiology
Anesthesia, General/adverse effects
Circadian Rhythm
Delirium/prevention & control/epidemiology/diagnosis
Emergence Delirium/prevention & control/epidemiology/diagnosis

Recent developments in delirium after oral and maxillofacial free-flap reconstruction Zhang, R. Zhang, W. Ren, Y. Yu, J. Li, L. Zhang, Y. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024

Oral and maxillofacial free-flap reconstruction
Postoperative delirium
Prevention
Risk factors

A longitudinal multimodal MRI study of the visual network in postoperative delirium Zhang, G. Qi, B. Li, H. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Li, H. Jing, B. Huang, H. Brain Imaging Behav 2024

Frontal glioma
Multimodal MRI
Postoperative delirium
Visual network

Association between Intraoperative Hypotension and Postoperative Delirium: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Zarour, S. Weiss, Y. Abu-Ghanim, M. Iacubovici, L. Shaylor, R. Rosenberg, O. Matot, I. Cohen, B. Anesthesiology 2024

Humans
Female
Retrospective Studies
*Hypotension/epidemiology/diagnosis
Aged
Male
*Intraoperative Complications/epidemiology/diagnosis/etiology
Cohort Studies
Aged, 80 and over
Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/etiology/diagnosis
Emergence Delirium/epidemiology/diagnosis/etiology
Delirium/epidemiology/etiology
Elective Surgical Procedures/adverse effects

Incidence and relative risk of delirium after major surgery for patients with pre-operative depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diep, C. Patel, K. Petricca, J. Daza, J. F. Lee, S. Xue, Y. Kremic, L. Xiao, M. Z. X. Pivetta, B. Vigod, S. N. Wijeysundera, D. N. Ladha, K. S. Anaesthesia 2024

delirium
depression
peri‐operative outcomes

Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies for Delirium in Hospitalized Adults: Past, Present, and Future Devlin, J. W. Semin Neurol 2024

Delirium

Cognitive decline

Non-pharmacological interventions

Risk factors

ICU Delirium

Reperfusion therapy and risk of post-stroke delirium Czyzycki, M. Pera, J. Dziedzic, T. Neurol Res 2024

Delirium
mechanical thrombectomy
reperfusion therapy
stroke
thrombolysis

Implementation of delirium screening in the emergency department: A qualitative study with early adopters Chary, A. N. Bhananker, A. R. Brickhouse, E. Torres, B. Santangelo, I. Godwin, K. M. Naik, A. D. Carpenter, C. R. Liu, S. W. Kennedy, M. J Am Geriatr Soc 2024

delirium
emergency department
implementation science
qualitative
screening

Practical prognostic tools to predict the risk of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing cardiac surgery: visual and dynamic nomograms Bah, C. S. Mbambara, B. Xie, X. Li, J. Iddi, A. K. Chen, C. Jiang, H. Feng, Y. Zhong, Y. Zhang, X. Xia, H. Yan, L. Si, Y. Zhang, J. Zou, J. J Clin Monit Comput 2024

Cardiac surgery
Older patients
Postoperative delirium
Pre-and postoperative models
Risk prediction

Validation of the delirium diagnostic tool-provisional (DDT-Pro) in geriatric medical inpatients with diagnostic permutations of the 3Ds with and without delirium Botero Urrea, M. González, M. C. Villa García, M. M. Alviz Núñez, M. Velásquez-Tirado, J. D. Ocampo, M. V. Trzepacz, P. T. Franco, J. G. J Psychosom Res 2024

Humans

Female
Male
Aged
Cross-Sectional Studies
Aged, 80 and over
*Delirium/diagnosis
*Sensitivity and Specificity
*Dementia/diagnosis
Inpatients
Reproducibility of Results
Depression/diagnosis
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Comorbidity
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Delirium diagnosis
Dementia
Depression
Geriatric assessment
Validation studies

Delirium Mediated the Association Between a History of Falls and Short-Term Mortality Risk in Critically Ill Ischemic Stroke Patients Cheng, H. Xu, X. Tang, Y. Yang, X. Ling, Y. Tan, S. Wang, Z. Ming, W. K. Lyu, J. Clin Nurs Res 2024

Icu
causal mediation analysis
delirium
falls
ischemic stroke

Risk factors for postoperative delirium in frail elderly patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery and development of a prediction model-a prospective observational study Ding, Y. Gao, J. Ge, Y. Huang, T. Zhang, Y. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024

cardiac surgery
cardiopulmonary bypass
frailty
near-infrared spectroscopy
postoperative delirium
tissue oxygen saturation

Effect of intra-operative Magnesium sulphate on the occurrence of post-operative delirium and insomnia in patients undergoing lumbar fixation: a randomized controlled trial Fathy, W. Hussein, M. Elanwar, R. Elmoutaz, H. Abdelsadek, D. A. Kassim, D. Y. BMC Anesthesiol 2024

Humans
*Magnesium Sulfate/administration & dosage
Female
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
*Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
*Intraoperative Care/methods
Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery
Adult
Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/epidemiology
Anesthesia, General/methods
Delirium/prevention & control
Aged
Emergence Delirium/prevention & control/epidemiology
Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy/prevention & control
Pain Measurement/methods
Mdas
Mg sulphate
Postoperative delirium
Postoperative insomnia
Qeeg

Predicting postoperative delirium assessed by the Nursing Screening Delirium Scale in the recovery room for non-cardiac surgeries without craniotomy: A retrospective study using a machine learning approach Giesa, N. Haufe, S. Menk, M. Weiß, B. Spies, C. D. Piper, S. K. Balzer, F. Boie, S. D. PLOS Digit Health 2024

Postoperative Delirium

Risk factors

Non-linear machine learning

Fluctuation

Recovery

Nurse Screening Delirium Scale

A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Haloperidol and Dexmedetomidine on QTc Interval Prolongation during Delirium Treatment in Intensive Care Units Haspolat, A. Polat, F. Köprülü, AŞ J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures) 2024

QTc interval
delirium
dexmedetomidine
haloperidol
intensive care unit

Effect of mannitol on postoperative delirium in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft: a randomised controlled trial Hemmati Maslakpak, M. Negargar, S. Farbod, A. Khalili, A. Bilehjani, E. Alinejad, V. Faravan, A. Open Heart 2024

Humans
*Mannitol/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Male
Female
*Coronary Artery Bypass/adverse effects
Middle Aged
Double-Blind Method
Aged
*Delirium/prevention & control/epidemiology/etiology
Incidence
*Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/epidemiology
Adult
Treatment Outcome
Risk Factors
Adolescent
Young Adult
Coronary Artery Disease/surgery
Hospital Mortality
Time Factors
Length of Stay
Follow-Up Studies
Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Coronary Artery Bypass
Heart, Artificial

Assessing Delirium Severity in Dementia: Item Development and Psychometric Validation for a Delirium Severity Instrument Hshieh, T. Schulman-Green, D. Fong, T. G. Metzger, E. Arias, F. Helfand, B. Marcantonio, E. Schmitt, E. Tabloski, P. Jones, R. N. Inouye, S. K. J Gerontol Nurs 2024

Humans
*Delirium/diagnosis/nursing
*Psychometrics
*Dementia/nursing/diagnosis
Aged
*Severity of Illness Index
Male
Female
Aged, 80 and over
Reproducibility of Results

The development of a family-led novel intervention for delirium prevention and management in the adult intensive care unit: A co-design qualitative study Johnson, G. U. Towell-Barnard, A. McLean, C. Ewens, B. Aust Crit Care 2024

Co-design
Critical care
Delirium
Digital program
Family intervention
Family-centered
Voice reorientation

Disparities in Delirium across the Continuum of Care and Associations with Social Determinants of Health Khanna, A. Govil, M. Ayele, N. Saadi, A. Semin Neurol 2024

Delirium identification

Delirium treatment

Disparities

Social-ecological model

Social determinants of health

The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis Kim, S. Y. Na, H. S. Ryu, J. H. Shin, H. J. Korean J Anesthesiol 2024

Cognitive dysfunction
Meta-analysis
Neuroinflammation
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Pain
Postoperative delirium

Management of delirium in acute stroke patients: a position paper by the Austrian Stroke Society on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment Kneihsl, M. Berger, N. Sumerauer, S. Asenbaum-Nan, S. Höger, F. S. Gattringer, T. Enzinger, C. Aigner, M. Ferrari, J. Lang, W. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024

acute stroke
delirium
intervention bundles
prevention
risk scores