Delirium Bibliography

Delirium Bibliography books graphicWhat is the Delirium Bibliography? The searchable Delirium Bibliography page is one of our most popular features, allowing you to quickly gain access to the literature on delirium and acute care of older persons. It is primarily intended for clinicians and researchers interested in exploring these topics. The NIDUS team keeps it updated for you on a monthly basis!

How to Search for Articles: Search by author, title, year, and/or keywords. Each article is indexed by keywords taken from MEDLINE and other relevant databases. Click on the title of the article to read the abstract, journal, etc.

Reference Information

Title
Delirium and Weakness Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit: Individual and Combined Effects on 90-Day Mortality in Survivors of Critical Illness
Authors
Siao, S. F. Zheng, Y. Y. Wei, Y. C. Boehm, L. M. Chen, C. C.
Year
2024
Journal
J Clin Nurs
Abstract

AIMS: To compare the individual and combined effects on 90-day mortality among four critically ill survivor groups: normal (without ICU-acquired delirium or ICU-acquired weakness), delirium-only (with ICU-acquired delirium only), weakness-only (with ICU-acquired weakness only) and delirium-weakness (combined ICU-acquired delirium and weakness). METHODS: A prospective cohort study consecutively recruited delirium-free critically ill patients admitted to six medical ICUs at a university hospital. Delirium was assessed once daily for 14 days (or until death or ICU discharge) using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. Participants who were discharged from the ICUs were assessed for weakness using the Medical Research Council scale. A summed score below 48 defines ICU-acquired weakness. These survivors were evaluated again for 90-day mortality. The study is reported using the STROBE checklist. RESULTS: Delirium developed in 107 (43.2%) participants during their first 14 days of ICU stay; 55 (22.2%) met criteria for weakness by ICU discharge. Participants with delirium were at increased risk for also developing ICU-acquired weakness, and the 90-day mortality was 18.2%. Independent of age and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score at ICU admission, delirium-only and weakness-only were not associated with higher 90-day mortality, while participants in the delirium-weakness group had a 3.69-fold higher risk of death, compared to those who were normal during the ICU stay. A non-significant interaction was found, suggesting the joint effect of delirium and weakness on mortality is not higher than the sum of both effects individually. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality is substantially high among critically ill survivors who experience both delirium and weakness, although no additive effect on mortality was observed when these conditions occur together. Our findings highlight the urgent need to optimise ICU care by prioritising the prevention, early identification and management of these two common ICU-acquired conditions. PATIENT CONTRIBUTION: Study participation and completion of all assessments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04206306.

PMID

PMID: 39468861

Keywords

delirium
intensive care unit
intensive care unit‐acquired weakness
mortality
survivor of critical illness

Page(s)
Issue

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Total Records Found: 6300, showing 100 per page
TitleAuthorsJournalYearKeywords
The effect of poststroke delirium on short-term outcomes of elderly patients undergoing rehabilitation. Turco R, Bellelli G, Morandi A, Gentile S, Trabucchi M Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 2013

Activities of Daily Living, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Retrospective Studies, Stroke, complications, Treatment Outcome

Reducing deep sedation and delirium in acute lung injury patients: a quality improvement project. Hager DN, Dinglas VD, Subhas S, Rowden AM, Neufeld KJ, Bienvenu OJ, Touradji P, Colantuoni E, Reddy DR, Brower RG, Needham DM Critical care medicine 2013

Academic Medical Centers, Acute Lung Injury, etiology, Adult, Body Mass Index, Clinical Protocols, Comorbidity, Deep Sedation, methods, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, Humans, Inservice Training, Intensive Care Units, organization & administration, Male, Middle Aged, Quality Improvement, organization & administration, Respiration, Artificial, adverse effects, Socioeconomic Factors

Association between intraoperative blood transfusions and early postoperative delirium in older adults. Behrends M, DePalma G, Sands L, Leung J Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Transfusion, adverse effects, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Humans, Intraoperative Care, adverse effects, Logistic Models, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, San Francisco, epidemiology

In-facility delirium prevention programs as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Reston JT, Schoelles KM Annals of internal medicine 2013

Cost Savings, Delirium, prevention & control, Hospital Administration, Hospital Costs, Hospitals, standards, Humans, Long-Term Care, Palliative Care, Patient Safety, standards, Program Evaluation, Residential Facilities, economics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Safety Management, organization & administration

Cortisol levels and neuropsychiatric diagnosis as markers of postoperative delirium: a prospective cohort study. Kazmierski J, Banys A, Latek J, Bourke J, Jaszewski R Critical care (London, England) 2013
Association of pre-operative brain pathology with post-operative delirium in a cohort of non-small cell lung cancer patients undergoing surgical resection. Root JC, Pryor KO, Downey R, Alici Y, Davis ML, Holodny A, Korc-Grodzicki B, Ahles T Psycho-oncology 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Antipsychotic Agents, therapeutic use, Atrophy, pathology, Brain, pathology, Brain Diseases, complications, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, complications, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Lung Neoplasms, complications, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, pathology, Pneumonectomy, Postoperative Complications, epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Time-to-Treatment

The clinical and economic costs of delirium after surgical resection for esophageal malignancy. Markar SR, Smith IA, Karthikesalingam A, Low DE Annals of surgery 2013

Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chemoradiotherapy, Chi-Square Distribution, Comorbidity, Delirium, economics, Esophageal Neoplasms, surgery, Esophagectomy, Female, Humans, Length of Stay, statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Postoperative Complications, economics, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Statistics, Nonparametric, Survival Rate

Effects of routine monitoring of delirium in a surgical/trauma intensive care unit. Bigatello LM, Amirfarzan H, Haghighi AK, Newhouse B, Del Rio JM, Allen K, Chang A, Schmidt U, Razavi M The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2013

Aged, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Intensive Care Units, Length of Stay, Male, Massachusetts, epidemiology, Middle Aged, Monitoring, Physiologic, methods, Postoperative Care, methods, Prevalence, Respiration, Artificial, Risk Factors, Trauma Centers, Wounds and Injuries, complications

Predisposing and precipitating factors of delirium after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study. Guenther U, Theuerkauf N, Frommann I, Brimmers K, Malik R, Stori S, Scheidemann M, Putensen C, Popp J Annals of surgery 2013

Age Factors, Aged, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Chi-Square Distribution, Cognition Disorders, complications, Comorbidity, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Length of Stay, statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, ROC Curve, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, complications, Time Factors

The course of subsyndromal delirium in older long-term care residents. Cole MG, McCusker J, Voyer P, Monette J, Champoux N, Ciampi A, Vu M, Belzile E The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2013
Outcome after hepatectomy-delirium as an independent predictor for mortality. Veiga D, Luís C, Parente D, Abelha F BMC anesthesiology 2013
Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. Skrobik Y, Leger C, Cossette M, Michaud V, Turgeon J Critical care medicine 2013

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, genetics, Coma, chemically induced, Critical Illness, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, genetics, Delirium, chemically induced, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Fentanyl, administration & dosage, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, administration & dosage, Inflammation, chemically induced, Intensive Care Units, Male, Midazolam, administration & dosage, Neoplasm Proteins, genetics, P-Glycoprotein, genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic, genetics

Risk and clinical-outcome indicators of delirium in an emergency department intermediate care unit (EDIMCU): an observational prospective study. Mariz J, Santos NC, Afonso H, Rodrigues P, Faria A, Sousa N, Teixeira J BMC emergency medicine 2013

Age Distribution, Aged, Comorbidity, Creatinine, blood, Delirium, diagnosis, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Hemoglobins, analysis, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Institutionalization, statistics & numerical data, Intermediate Care Facilities, Length of Stay, statistics & numerical data, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Osmolar Concentration, Portugal, epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, epidemiology, Urea, blood

α-Synuclein pathology is related to postoperative delirium in patients undergoing gastrectomy. Sunwoo MK, Hong JY, Choi J, Park HJ, Kim SH, Lee PH Neurology 2013

Aged, Delirium, etiology, Female, Gastrectomy, Humans, Male, Myenteric Plexus, metabolism, Postoperative Complications, physiopathology, Postoperative Period, Regression Analysis, Stomach Neoplasms, surgery, alpha-Synuclein, metabolism

Impact of delirium on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Zhang Z, Pan L, Ni H General hospital psychiatry 2013

Aged, Critical Illness, Delirium, complications, Female, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Intensive Care Units, utilization, Length of Stay, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Respiration, Artificial, utilization

Perioperative plasma melatonin concentration in postoperative critically ill patients: its association with delirium. Yoshitaka S, Egi M, Morimatsu H, Kanazawa T, Toda Y, Morita K Journal of critical care 2013

APACHE, Aged, Chi-Square Distribution, Comorbidity, Critical Illness, Delirium, blood, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Melatonin, blood, Middle Aged, Postoperative Period, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Statistics, Nonparametric

Fluctuations in sedation levels may contribute to delirium in ICU patients. Svenningsen H, Egerod I, Videbech P, Christensen D, Frydenberg M, Tønnesen EK Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2013

Aged, Analgesics, Opioid, adverse effects, Cohort Studies, Confusion, psychology, Conscious Sedation, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, administration & dosage, Intensive Care, Male, Midazolam, administration & dosage, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Patients, Prospective Studies, Psychomotor Agitation, diagnosis

Perioperative delirium and its relationship to dementia. Silverstein JH, Deiner SG Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 2013

Anesthesia, adverse effects, Cognition Disorders, psychology, Delirium, psychology, Dementia, psychology, Disease Progression, Humans, Postoperative Complications, psychology, Risk Factors, Surgical Procedures, Operative, adverse effects

Sedation depth and long-term mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. Shehabi Y, Chan L, Kadiman S, Alias A, Ismail WN, Tan MA, Khoo TM, Ali SB, Saman MA, Shaltut A, Tan CC, Yong CY, Bailey M, Intensive care medicine 2013

APACHE, Chi-Square Distribution, Critical Illness, mortality, Deep Sedation, mortality, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, administration & dosage, Intensive Care Units, Longitudinal Studies, Malaysia, epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Respiration, Artificial

Delirium in an adult acute hospital population: predictors, prevalence and detection. Ryan DJ, O'Regan NA, Caoimh RÓ, Clare J, O'Connor M, Leonard M, McFarland J, Tighe S, O'Sullivan K, Trzepacz PT, Meagher D, Timmons S BMJ open 2013
Exploring the utility of ultra-brief delirium assessments in a nonintensive care geriatric population: the GEM study. Powers JS, Doering T, Gordon S, Eden SK, Shintani A, Schnelle J The Gerontologist 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, Geriatric Assessment, statistics & numerical data, Health Services for the Aged, utilization, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, methods

Antipsychotic use in nursing home residents admitted with hip fracture. Jung HY, Meucci M, Unruh MA, Mor V, Dosa D Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013

Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antipsychotic Agents, therapeutic use, Delirium, complications, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hip Fractures, complications, Hospitalization, statistics & numerical data, Humans, Incidence, Male, Nursing Homes, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, United States, epidemiology

Association between endothelial dysfunction and acute brain dysfunction during critical illness. Hughes CG, Morandi A, Girard TD, Riedel B, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Pun BT, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP Anesthesiology 2013

Acute Disease, Aged, Brain Diseases, epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Coma, epidemiology, Critical Illness, epidemiology, Delirium, epidemiology, Endothelium, Vascular, physiopathology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies

Delirium-related distress in caregivers: a study from a tertiary care centre in India. Grover S, Shah R Perspectives in psychiatric care 2013

Adult, Aged, Caregivers, psychology, Cost of Illness, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Nursing Assessment, Prospective Studies, Referral and Consultation, Tertiary Care Centers, Young Adult

Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid checklist to identify delirium in older patients transported by EMS. Frisch A, Miller T, Haag A, Martin-Gill C, Guyette FX, Suffoletto BP Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Checklist, Delirium, diagnosis, Emergency Medical Services, Female, Geriatric Assessment, methods, Glasgow Coma Scale, Humans, Male, Matched-Pair Analysis, Pennsylvania, Prospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity

Three core domains of delirium validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Meagher DJ, Kean J, Lee Y, Kim JL, Kishi Y, Furlanetto LM, Negreiros D, Huang MC, Chen CH, Leonard M, de Pablo J Psychosomatics 2013

Adult, Analysis of Variance, Chronobiology Disorders, diagnosis, Cognition Disorders, diagnosis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Delirium, diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Statistical, Reproducibility of Results, Severity of Illness Index, Symptom Assessment, statistics & numerical data

Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors. McPherson JA, Wagner CE, Boehm LM, Hall JD, Johnson DC, Miller LR, Burns KM, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Pandhvaripande PP Critical care medicine 2013

Age Factors, Aged, Benzodiazepines, administration & dosage, Coma, epidemiology, Coronary Care Units, Critical Illness, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Restraint, Physical, statistics & numerical data, Risk Factors, Time Factors

Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM, Coursin DB, Herr DL, Tung A, Robinson BR, Fontaine DK, Ramsay MA, Riker RR, Sessler CN, Pun B, Skrobik Y, Jaeschke R, Critical care medicine 2013

Adult, Clinical Protocols, Critical Illness, Delirium, diagnosis, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, adverse effects, Intensive Care Units, Pain Management, methods, Pain Measurement, methods, Psychomotor Agitation, diagnosis, Risk Assessment, methods, United States

Effect of intensive care unit environment on in-hospital delirium after cardiac surgery. Arenson BG, MacDonald LA, Grocott HP, Hiebert BM, Arora RC The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2013

Aged, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Hospitals, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, epidemiology, Retrospective Studies

Parenteral hydration in patients with advanced cancer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Bruera E, Hui D, Dalal S, Torres-Vigil I, Trumble J, Roosth J, Krauter S, Strickland C, Unger K, Palmer JL, Allo J, Frisbee-Hume S, Tarleton K Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2013

Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dehydration, therapy, Double-Blind Method, Fatigue, prevention & control, Female, Fluid Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Hospice Care, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, complications, Neoplasms, complications, Parenteral Nutrition, Prognosis, Quality of Life, Survival Rate, Symptom Assessment

Delirium assessment using Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit in Chinese critically ill patients. Wang C, Wu Y, Yue P, Ely EW, Huang J, Yang X, Liu Y Journal of critical care 2013

APACHE, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Chi-Square Distribution, China, Confusion, diagnosis, Critical Illness, Delirium, diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Translations

Incidence, risk factors, and complications of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Large MC, Reichard C, Williams JT, Chang C, Prasad S, Leung Y, DuBeau C, Bales GT, Steinberg GD Urology 2013

Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Confidence Intervals, Cystectomy, adverse effects, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Mental Status Schedule, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Patient Readmission, Pilot Projects, Prospective Studies, Reoperation, Risk Factors, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, surgery

Delirium in older patients: a diagnostic study of NEECHAM Confusion Scale in surgical intensive care unit. Matarese M, Generoso S, Ivziku D, Pedone C, De Marinis MG Journal of clinical nursing 2013

Aged, Confusion, diagnosis, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Prospective Studies, Surgery Department, Hospital

Subsyndromal delirium in older people: a systematic review of frequency, risk factors, course and outcomes. Cole MG, Ciampi A, Belzile E, Dubuc-Sarrasin M International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2013

Canada, epidemiology, Delirium, epidemiology, Europe, epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Institutionalization, statistics & numerical data, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Prevalence, Risk Factors, United States, epidemiology

Intensive care unit environment may affect the course of delirium. Zaal IJ, Spruyt CF, Peelen LM, van Eijk MM, Wientjes R, Schneider MM, Kesecioglu J, Slooter AJ Intensive care medicine 2013

Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Health Facility Environment, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies

The incidence of delirium in Norwegian intensive care units; deep sedation makes assessment difficult. Wøien H, Balsliemke S, Stubhaug A Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2013

Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analgesics, therapeutic use, Coma, therapy, Critical Illness, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Deep Sedation, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, epidemiology, Pain Measurement, Psychomotor Agitation, Young Adult

Replication analysis for composition of the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale (DMSS) in a referral cohort from Northern India. Grover S, Mattoo SK, Aarya KR, Pratim Das P, Chakrabarty K, Trzepacz P, Gupta N, Meagher D Psychiatry research 2013

Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Delirium, classification, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Movement Disorders, classification, Principal Component Analysis, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Referral and Consultation, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult

Prospective observational study of dementia and delirium in the acute hospital setting. Travers C, Byrne G, Pachana N, Klein K, Gray L Internal medicine journal 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Delirium, diagnosis, Dementia, diagnosis, Female, Hospitalization, trends, Humans, Male, Observational Study as Topic, methods, Patient Admission, trends, Prospective Studies, Queensland, epidemiology

Melatonin receptor agonists for treating delirium in elderly patients with acute stroke. Ohta T, Murao K, Miyake K, Takemoto K Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, complications, Female, Humans, Indenes, therapeutic use, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Receptors, Melatonin, agonists, Stroke, complications, Treatment Outcome

Selecting optimal screening items for delirium: an application of item response theory. Yang FM, Jones RN, Inouye SK, Tommet D, Crane PK, Rudolph JL, Ngo LH, Marcantonio ER BMC medical research methodology 2013

Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Delirium, diagnosis, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Questionnaires

Relation of serum cortisol to delirium occurring after acute coronary syndromes. Colkesen Y, Giray S, Ozenli Y, Sezgin N, Coskun I The American journal of emergency medicine 2013

Acute Coronary Syndrome, complications, Aged, Delirium, blood, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, blood, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, ROC Curve, Risk Assessment, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index

Vitamin D and delirium in critically ill patients: a preliminary investigation. Morandi A, Barnett N, Miller RR, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW, Ware LB Journal of critical care 2013

Acute Lung Injury, diagnosis, Adult, Age Factors, Critical Illness, Delirium, blood, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Vitamin D Deficiency, blood

Delirium within the emergency care setting, occurrence and detection: a systematic review. Barron EA, Holmes J Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2013

Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Delirium, epidemiology, Emergency Service, Hospital, statistics & numerical data, Great Britain, epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Prevalence

Delirium and transition to a nursing home of hospitalized older adults: a controlled trial of assessing the interdisciplinary team-based "geriatric" care and care coordination by non-geriatrics specialist physicians. Yoo JW, Nakagawa S, Kim S Geriatrics & gerontology international 2013

Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case Management, Case-Control Studies, Checklist, Cognition, physiology, Delirium, prevention & control, Diagnosis, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Geriatrics, education, Hospitalization, Humans, Intervention Studies, Male, Medication Reconciliation, Medicine, Mental Status Schedule, Nursing Homes, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Patient Care Team, Patient Transfer, Residence Characteristics, Severity of Illness Index, Sleep, physiology

Impact of pneumonia on hyperactive delirium in end-stage lung cancer patients. Suzuki H, Hirashima T, Kobayashi M, Okamoto N, Matsuura Y, Tamiya M, Morishita N, Okafuji K, Shiroyama T, Morimura O, Morita S, Kawase I Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2013

Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Japan, epidemiology, Logistic Models, Lung Neoplasms, epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Palliative Care, Pneumonia, epidemiology, Psychomotor Agitation, epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors

Improving quality of delirium care in a general medical service with established interdisciplinary care: a controlled trial. Mudge AM, Maussen C, Duncan J, Denaro CP Internal medicine journal 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, General Practice, standards, Hospital Departments, standards, Humans, Male, Patient Care Team, standards, Patient Discharge, standards, Quality Improvement, standards

Incidence of post-stroke delirium and 1-year outcome. Miu DK, Yeung JC Geriatrics & gerontology international 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biological Markers, analysis, Comorbidity, Delirium, epidemiology, Demography, Female, Hong Kong, epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Length of Stay, statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Stroke, complications, Survival Rate

Prevalence, presentation and prognosis of delirium in older people in the population, at home and in long term care: a review. de Lange E, Verhaak PF, van der Meer K International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2013

Delirium, epidemiology, Home Care Services, statistics & numerical data, Humans, Long-Term Care, statistics & numerical data, Prevalence, Prognosis, Risk Factors

Postoperative course after emergency colorectal surgery for secondary peritonitis in the elderly is often complicated by delirium. Engelberger S, Zürcher M, Schuld J, Viehl CT, Kettelhack C International surgery 2012

APACHE, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Colon, surgery, Decision Support Techniques, Delirium, diagnosis, Emergencies, Female, Humans, Male, Peritonitis, etiology, Postoperative Complications, epidemiology, Rectum, surgery, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome

Cortical signatures of cognition and their relationship to Alzheimer's disease. Gross AL, Manly JJ, Pa J, Johnson JK, Park LQ, Mitchell MB, Melrose RJ, Inouye SK, McLaren DG, Brain imaging and behavior 2012

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, complications, Brain, pathology, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, methods, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, methods, Male, Middle Aged, Mild Cognitive Impairment, complications, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, methods, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index

Parallel but not equivalent: challenges and solutions for repeated assessment of cognition over time. Gross AL, Inouye SK, Rebok GW, Brandt J, Crane PK, Parisi JM, Tommet D, Bandeen-Roche K, Carlson MC, Jones RN Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 2012

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, diagnosis, Female, Humans, Individuality, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Verbal Learning

Novel risk markers and long-term outcomes of delirium: the successful aging after elective surgery (SAGES) study design and methods. Schmitt EM, Marcantonio ER, Alsop DC, Jones RN, Rogers SO, Fong TG, Metzger E, Inouye SK, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2012

Academic Medical Centers, Aged, Aging, Biological Markers, blood, Boston, Databases, Factual, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Postoperative Complications, Prospective Studies, Qualitative Research, Research Design, Risk Assessment, methods, Surgical Procedures, Elective

Serial administration of a modified Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale for delirium screening. Chester JG, Beth Harrington M, Rudolph JL, Journal of hospital medicine : an official publication of the Society of Hospital Medicine 2012

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Delirium, diagnosis, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, standards, Psychomotor Agitation, diagnosis

Intracranial cause of delirium: computed tomography yield and predictive factors. Lai MM, Wong Tin Niam DM Internal medicine journal 2012

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Australia, Brain, pathology, Brain Diseases, complications, Case-Control Studies, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Role of microglia and toll-like receptor 4 in the pathophysiology of delirium. Jalleh R, Koh K, Choi B, Liu E, Maddison J, Hutchinson MR Medical hypotheses 2012

Aged, Delirium, physiopathology, Humans, Microglia, pathology, Middle Aged, Models, Theoretical, Toll-Like Receptor 4, physiology

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cognitive function: are prostaglandins at the heart of cognitive impairment in dementia and delirium? Cunningham C, Skelly DT Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology 2012

Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, pharmacology, Cognition, drug effects, Cognition Disorders, immunology, Delirium, immunology, Dementia, immunology, Humans, Prostaglandins, immunology

Postoperative delirium in intensive care patients: risk factors and outcome. Veiga D, Luis C, Parente D, Fernandes V, Botelho M, Santos P, Abelha F Revista brasileira de anestesiologia 2012

Anesthesia Recovery Period

Delirium

Postoperative Complications

Risk Factors

Pain and cognitive dysfunction are the risk factors of delirium in elderly hip fracture Chinese patients. Nie H, Zhao B, Zhang YQ, Jiang YH, Yang YX Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2012

Aged, China, epidemiology, Cognition Disorders, complications, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Hip Fractures, complications, Humans, Incidence, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pain, complications, Pain Measurement, Postoperative Complications, etiology, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors

Pain reporting, opiate dosing, and the adverse effects of opiates after hip or knee replacement in patients 60 years old or older. Petre BM, Roxbury CR, McCallum JR, Defontes KW, Belkoff SM, Mears SC Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation 2012

Elderly

Hip Replacement

Knee Replacement

Opiates

Pain

Bright light therapy as an adjunctive treatment with risperidone in patients with delirium: a randomized, open, parallel group study. Yang J, Choi W, Ko YH, Joe SH, Han C, Kim YK General hospital psychiatry 2012

Adjunctive treatment

Delirium

Light Therapy

Sleep Efficiency

Total Sleep Time

Pharmacological risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery: a review. Tse L, Schwarz SK, Bowering JB, Moore RL, Burns KD, Richford CM, Osborn JA, Barr AM Current neuropharmacology 2012

Cardiac surgery, Delirium, Drugs, Medications, Prevent, Risk Factors

One-year mortality of elderly inpatients with delirium, dementia, or depression seen by a consultation-liaison service. Tsai MC, Weng HH, Chou SY, Tsai CS, Hung TH, Su JA Psychosomatics 2012

Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, mortality, Dementia, mortality, Depressive Disorder, mortality, Female, Humans, Length of Stay, statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Referral and Consultation, Risk Factors, Sex Factors

Risk factors for delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Weckmann MT, Gingrich R, Mills JA, Hook L, Beglinger LJ Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists 2012

Adult, Aged, Anemia, complications, Anoxia, complications, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, blood, Dehydration, complications, Delirium, epidemiology, Erythrocyte Indices, Female, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, adverse effects, Hemoglobins, analysis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, therapy, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Serum Albumin, analysis

What are the opportunities for EEG-based monitoring of delirium in the ICU? van der Kooi AW, Leijten FS, van der Wekken RJ, Slooter AJ The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2012

Cerebral Cortex, physiopathology, Delirium, diagnosis, Electroencephalography, Humans, Intensive Care, Intensive Care Units

Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium. Seymour CW, Pandharipande PP, Koestner T, Hudson LD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD Critical care medicine 2012

Aged, Benzodiazepines, administration & dosage, Circadian Rhythm, Clinical Protocols, Coma, chemically induced, Delirium, chemically induced, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, administration & dosage, Intensive Care, statistics & numerical data, Male, Middle Aged, Propofol, administration & dosage, Prospective Studies, Respiration, Artificial, methods, Ventilator Weaning, statistics & numerical data

Delirium in postoperative nonventilated intensive care patients: risk factors and outcomes. Serafim RB, Dutra MF, Saddy F, Tura B, de Castro JE, Villarinho LC, da Gloria Santos M, Bozza FA, Rocco JR Annals of intensive care 2012

Delirium

Postoperative

Surgery

Confusion assessment method

Overview of significant changes in the Minimum Data Set for nursing homes version 3.0. Saliba D, Jones M, Streim J, Ouslander J, Berlowitz D, Buchanan J Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2012

Aged, Data Collection, methods, Geriatric Assessment, methods, Humans, Medicare, Nursing Homes, Patient Admission, standards, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, standards

Effectiveness of acute geriatric unit care using acute care for elders components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fox MT, Persaud M, Maimets I, O'Brien K, Brooks D, Tregunno D, Schraa E Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012

Accidental Falls, statistics & numerical data, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Geriatrics, Hospital Mortality, Hospital Units, economics, Humans, Length of Stay, Male, Patient Discharge, Patient Readmission, statistics & numerical data, Patient-Centered Care, statistics & numerical data, Pressure Ulcer, epidemiology, Quality of Health Care

An evaluation of a proactive geriatric trauma consultation service. Lenartowicz M, Parkovnick M, McFarlan A, Haas B, Straus SE, Nathens AB, Wong CL Annals of surgery 2012

Aged, Female, Health Services for the Aged, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Retrospective Studies, Trauma Centers, Wounds and Injuries, therapy

Obstructive sleep apnea and delirium: exploring possible mechanisms. Mirrakhimov AE, Brewbaker CL, Krystal AD, Kwatra MM Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2014
Effects of hospitalist-directed interdisciplinary medicine floor service on hospital outcomes for seniors with acute medical illness. Yoo JW, Seol H, Kim SJ, Yang JM, Ryu WS, Min TD, Choi JB, Kwon M, Kim S Geriatrics & gerontology international 2014
Oropharyngeal dysphagia in an elderly post-operative hip fracture population: a prospective cohort study. Love AL, Cornwell PL, Whitehouse SL Age and ageing 2013

Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Comorbidity, Deglutition, Deglutition Disorders, diagnosis, Delirium, epidemiology, Fracture Fixation, adverse effects, Hip Fractures, epidemiology, Homes for the Aged, Humans, Incidence, Length of Stay, Logistic Models, Multivariate Analysis, Prospective Studies, Queensland, epidemiology, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome

Melatonin deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence. de Rooij SE, van Munster BC Rejuvenation research 2013

Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Delirium, metabolism, Humans, Melatonin, deficiency, Models, Biological, Risk Factors

Pathophysiology of encephalopathy and delirium. Williams ST Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society 2013

Brain Diseases, physiopathology, Delirium, physiopathology, Humans

Bedside coaching to improve nurses' recognition of delirium. Gordon SJ, Melillo KD, Nannini A, Lakatos BE The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses 2013

Adult, Delirium, diagnosis, Education, Nursing, Continuing, methods, Evidence-Based Nursing, methods, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nursing Assessment, methods, Nursing Staff, Hospital, education, Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Staff Development, methods, Young Adult

Delirium: past, present, and future. Field RR, Wall MH Seminars in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2013

Delirium, diagnosis, Humans, Postoperative Complications, etiology, Respiration, Artificial

Incidence and risk factors for postoperative delirium after lumbar spine surgery. Fineberg SJ, Nandyala SV, Marquez-Lara A, Oglesby M, Patel AA, Singh K Spine 2013

Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Comorbidity, Decompression, Surgical, adverse effects, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Hospital Costs, Humans, Incidence, Inpatients, statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Lumbar Vertebrae, surgery, Male, Middle Aged, Nervous System Diseases, epidemiology, Postoperative Complications, epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Spinal Fusion, adverse effects, Substance-Related Disorders, epidemiology, Survival Rate, United States, epidemiology, Young Adult

The triple challenge of recruiting older adults with dementia and high medical acuity in skilled nursing facilities. Kolanowski A, Mulhall P, Yevchak A, Hill N, Fick D Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, complications, Dementia, complications, Female, Humans, Male, Nursing Research, organization & administration, Patient Selection, Skilled Nursing Facilities

Medications, delirium, and older adults. Bell L American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, diagnosis, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Risk Factors

Surgery in elderly people: preoperative, operative and postoperative care to assist healing. Hughes S, Leary A, Zweizig S, Cain J Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2013

Aged, Aging, Delirium, prevention & control, Female, Humans, Pain Management, methods, Pain, Postoperative, therapy, Patient Discharge, Patient Positioning, Postoperative Care, methods, Preoperative Care, methods, Recovery of Function, physiology, Risk Factors, Surgical Procedures, Operative, rehabilitation, Venous Thromboembolism, prevention & control, Wound Healing

Delirium in older people after proximal femoral fracture repair: role of a preoperative screening cognitive test. Mézière A, Paillaud E, Belmin J, Pariel S, Herbaud S, Canouï-Poitrine F, Le Thuaut A, Marty J, Plaud B Annales françaises d'anesthèsie et de rèanimation 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Delirium, epidemiology, Depression, complications, Educational Status, Female, Femoral Fractures, surgery, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, physiology, Neuropsychological Tests, Orthopedic Procedures, Postoperative Complications, epidemiology, Preoperative Period, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors

Management of acute confusion in patients with CNS infections. Matata C, Defres S, Jones C, Gummery A, Solomon T Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2013

Acute Disease, nursing, Adult, Aggression, Central Nervous System Infections, complications, Confusion, etiology, Curriculum, Delirium, etiology, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nursing Staff, Hospital, education, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Risk Factors

Identification and rates of delirium in elderly medical inpatients from diverse language groups. Wand AP, Thoo W, Ting V, Baker J, Sciuriaga H, Hunt GE Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.) 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Language, Male

The aging brain and anesthesia. Brown EN, Purdon PL Current opinion in anaesthesiology 2013

Aged, Aging, pathology, Anesthesia, methods, Animals, Brain, pathology, Electroencephalography, Humans, Mild Cognitive Impairment, physiopathology, Oxidative Stress

Apolipoprotein E ε4 is superior to apolipoprotein E ε2 in predicting cognitive scores over 30 months. Regal P, Nair B, Hetherington E Clinical interventions in aging 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Apolipoprotein E2, genetics, Apolipoprotein E4, genetics, Cognition Disorders, diagnosis, Cohort Studies, Female, Genetic Markers, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, New South Wales, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Sex Distribution

Army anesthesia providers' perceptions of emergence delirium after general anesthesia in service members. Wilson JT AANA journal 2013

Anesthesia Recovery Period, Anesthesia, General, adverse effects, Anesthesiology, Delirium, epidemiology, Female, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Male, Military Nursing, Military Personnel, statistics & numerical data, Nurse Anesthetists, Perception, Questionnaires

Incidence of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy initiation among hospitalized patients. Swan JT, Wagle KC, Thompson-Moore N, Taffet GE Journal of hospital medicine : an official publication of the Society of Hospital Medicine 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, adverse effects, Cross-Sectional Studies, Delirium, drug therapy, Female, Hospital Mortality, trends, Hospitalization, trends, Humans, Incidence, Male, Retrospective Studies

Assessment of people with cognitive impairment and hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Smith T, Hameed Y, Cross J, Sahota O, Fox C Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, complications, Delirium, complications, Female, Geriatric Assessment, methods, Hip Fractures, complications, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pain Measurement

Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Wang HR, Woo YS, Bahk WM Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2013

Antipsychotic Agents, adverse effects, Benzodiazepines, therapeutic use, Delirium, drug therapy, Dibenzothiazepines, therapeutic use, Humans, Piperazines, therapeutic use, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Risperidone, therapeutic use, Sulpiride, analogs & derivatives, Thiazoles, therapeutic use

The delirium experience: what is the effect on patients, relatives and staff and what can be done to modify this? Partridge JS, Martin FC, Harari D, Dhesi JK International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2013

Anxiety, etiology, Delirium, psychology, Depression, etiology, Family, psychology, Health Personnel, psychology, Humans, Mental Recall, Qualitative Research, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, etiology, Stress, Psychological, etiology

Development of an amygdalocentric neurocircuitry-reactive aggression theoretical model of emergence delirium in posttraumatic stress disorder: an integrative literature review. McLott J, Jurecic J, Hemphill L, Dunn KS AANA journal 2013

Amygdala, physiopathology, Anesthesia, General, adverse effects, Combat Disorders, complications, Delirium, chemically induced, Humans, Nurse Anesthetists, Postoperative Complications, chemically induced, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, complications

Quetiapine for the treatment of delirium. Hawkins SB, Bucklin M, Muzyk AJ Journal of hospital medicine : an official publication of the Society of Hospital Medicine 2013

Antipsychotic Agents, therapeutic use, Delirium, drug therapy, Dibenzothiazepines, therapeutic use, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, methods, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome

Delirium after cardiac surgery: have we overlooked obstructive sleep apnea? Mirrakhimov AE, Yen T, Kwatra MM Medical hypotheses 2013

Delirium, etiology, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Risk Factors, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, complications, Thoracic Surgical Procedures, adverse effects

Melatonin: delirium (postsurgical). Generali JA, Cada DJ Hospital pharmacy 2013
Delirium: ramelton. Generali JA, Cada DJ Hospital pharmacy 2013
Prophylactic antipsychotic use for postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hirota T, Kishi T The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2013

Antipsychotic Agents, classification, Chemoprevention, Comparative Effectiveness Research, Delirium, diagnosis, Humans, Patient Selection, Postoperative Complications, diagnosis, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Risk Assessment, Therapeutic Equivalency

Slower walking speed forecasts increased postoperative morbidity and 1-year mortality across surgical specialties. Robinson TN, Wu DS, Sauaia A, Dunn CL, Stevens-Lapsley JE, Moss M, Stiegmann GV, Gajdos C, Cleveland JC, Inouye SK Annals of surgery 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, mortality, Decision Support Techniques, Digestive System Surgical Procedures, mortality, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Postoperative Complications, diagnosis, Preoperative Care, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, ROC Curve, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Surgical Procedures, Elective, mortality, Walking, physiology

Progression of delirium in advanced illness: a multivariate model of caregiver and clinician perspectives. Kerr CW, Donnelly JP, Wright ST, Luczkiewicz DL, McKenzie KJ, Hang PC, Kuszczak SM Journal of palliative medicine 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude of Health Personnel, Caregivers, psychology, Confusion, Delirium, diagnosis, Disease Progression, Female, Hospice Care, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Observation, Palliative Care, manpower, Psychomotor Agitation, Qualitative Research, Sleep Disorders, Symptom Assessment, Terminally Ill, psychology

Complex assessment of the incidence and risk factors of delirium in a large cohort of cardiac surgery patients: a single-center 6-year experience. Krzych LJ, Wybraniec MT, Krupka-Matuszczyk I, Skrzypek M, Bolkowska A, Wilczyński M, Bochenek AA BioMed research international 2013

Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Ischemia, complications, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, adverse effects, Delirium, etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Postoperative Complications, etiology, Psychotropic Drugs, Risk Factors, Stroke, complications

An intermediate care unit for older people with both physical and psychiatric disorders: naturalistic outcome study. Hilton C, Madaras A, Qureshi M International psychogeriatrics / IPA 2013

Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Delirium, psychology, Disabled Persons, psychology, Female, Humans, Intermediate Care Facilities, Length of Stay, statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Patient Discharge, statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies